The Anatomy & Physiology textbook

27 chapters and 162 topics, Foundations first, then every body system. Every topic below is a page you can read on its own.

1. Orientation to the body

1. Levels of organization and organ systems
2. Medical word parts
3. Anatomical position and directional terms
4. Body planes and sections
5. Body cavities and serous membranes
6. Body regions and abdominal quadrants

2. Chemistry and physics for physiology

1. Atoms, ions and chemical bonds
2. Water, solutions and concentration
3. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
4. Acids, bases, pH and buffers
5. Energy, metabolism and enzymes
6. Gradients, pressure and flow
7. Diffusion and osmosis
8. Charge, voltage and current

3. Cells

1. The cell and its plasma membrane
2. Organelles and the cytoskeleton
3. Cell junctions
4. Passive transport across membranes
5. Active transport and vesicles
6. The nucleus, DNA and genes
7. From gene to protein
8. Cell division and differentiation
9. How cells make ATP

4. Tissues

1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue types
4. Nervous tissue

5. Signals, repair and control

1. The resting membrane potential
2. Electrical signals: graded potentials and action potentials
3. Chemical messengers and receptors
4. Glands: endocrine and exocrine
5. Body membranes and tissue repair
6. Homeostasis and feedback loops

6. Integumentary system

1. Layers of the skin
2. Hair, nails and skin glands
3. Functions of the skin
4. Burns, wounds and skin repair

7. Bone tissue

1. Functions of bone and long bone structure
2. Bone cells and bone tissue
3. Bone formation and growth
4. Bone remodeling and fracture repair
5. Bone and blood calcium

8. The skeleton

1. The axial skeleton and the skull
2. The vertebral column
3. The thoracic cage
4. The pectoral girdle and upper limb
5. The pelvic girdle and lower limb

9. Joints

1. Classifying joints
2. Synovial joints
3. Movements at synovial joints

10. Muscle tissue

1. Skeletal muscle structure
2. The neuromuscular junction
3. Excitation–contraction coupling
4. The sliding filament model and cross-bridge cycle
5. Motor units and muscle tension
6. Muscle energy and fatigue
7. Muscle fiber types and exercise
8. Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

11. The muscular system

1. How muscles move bones
2. Muscles of the head and neck
3. Muscles of the trunk
4. Muscles of the shoulder and upper limb
5. Muscles of the hip and lower limb

12. Nervous tissue and neural signaling

1. Organization of the nervous system
2. Neurons and glial cells
3. The action potential in detail
4. Synapses and neurotransmitters

13. The brain and spinal cord

1. Regions of the brain
2. Meninges, ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid
3. The spinal cord
4. Cortical functions, memory, language and sleep

14. Nerves, reflexes and pathways

1. Spinal nerves and plexuses
2. Cranial nerves
3. Sensory receptors and ascending pathways
4. Motor pathways and movement control
5. Reflexes
6. The neurological exam

15. Special senses

1. Taste and smell
2. Vision
3. Hearing and equilibrium

16. The autonomic nervous system

1. Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
2. Autonomic neurotransmitters and receptors
3. Autonomic control and visceral reflexes

17. The endocrine system

1. Hormones and how they act
2. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
3. Thyroid and parathyroid glands
4. The pancreas and blood glucose
5. Adrenal glands
6. Other endocrine organs

18. Blood

1. Blood composition and functions
2. Red blood cells and hemoglobin
3. White blood cells and platelets
4. Hemostasis and clotting
5. Blood types and transfusion

19. The cardiovascular system

1. Heart location, coverings, chambers and great vessels
2. Heart valves, septa and internal structure
3. Blood flow through the heart and the two circuits
4. Cardiac muscle cells and their action potential
5. The conduction system and pacemaker cells
6. The electrocardiogram
7. The cardiac cycle
8. Structure of blood vessels
9. The major systemic arteries
10. The major systemic veins
11. Blood pressure, flow and resistance
12. Cardiac output and its control
13. Capillary exchange
14. Short-term blood pressure regulation
15. Long-term blood pressure regulation
16. Hypertension, heart failure and shock

20. Lymphatic and immune systems

1. The lymphatic system
2. Innate immunity
3. Antigens, lymphocytes and antigen presentation
4. T cells and cell-mediated immunity
5. B cells and antibodies
6. Immune disorders

21. The respiratory system

1. Nose, pharynx and larynx
2. Trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli and lungs
3. Pulmonary ventilation
4. Lung volumes and ventilation rates
5. Gas exchange
6. Oxygen transport
7. Carbon dioxide transport
8. Control of breathing
9. Respiratory disorders

22. The digestive system

1. Organization and regulation of the digestive system
2. Mouth, pharynx and esophagus
3. The stomach
4. The small intestine
5. Liver, gallbladder and pancreas
6. The large intestine
7. Chemical digestion and absorption

23. Metabolism and nutrition

1. Nutrients, vitamins and minerals
2. Carbohydrate metabolism in detail
3. Lipid and protein metabolism
4. Fed and fasting states
5. Energy balance and body temperature

24. The urinary system

1. Kidneys and the urinary tract
2. The nephron
3. Glomerular filtration
4. Tubular reabsorption and secretion
5. Concentrating the urine
6. Urine, clearance and kidney hormones

25. Fluid, electrolyte and acid–base balance

1. Body fluid compartments and water balance
2. Electrolyte balance
3. Regulating acid–base balance
4. Acid–base disorders and compensation

26. The reproductive system

1. Meiosis and gametes
2. Male reproductive anatomy
3. Spermatogenesis and male hormones
4. Female reproductive anatomy
5. Oogenesis and the ovarian cycle
6. Hormonal control of the ovarian and uterine cycles

27. Development and inheritance

1. Fertilization
2. Cleavage, implantation and the embryo
3. The placenta
4. Fetal development and fetal circulation
5. Maternal changes during pregnancy
6. Labor and birth
7. Newborn adjustments and lactation
8. Inheritance
9. Aging across the body