Chapter 21 · A&P II
The respiratory system
9 topics. Mastery shows beside each one as you answer questions.
Topics
- 117Nose, pharynx and larynx notes
- 118Trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli and lungs notes
- 119Pulmonary ventilation notes
- 120Lung volumes and ventilation rates notes
- 121Gas exchange notes
- 122Oxygen transport notes
- 123Carbon dioxide transport notes
- 124Control of breathing notes
- 125Respiratory disorders notes
Practice this chapter
In this chapter's tools
Lab practical image sets
- Upper airway (sagittal)
- Larynx
- Bronchial tree and lungs
- Alveolus and respiratory membrane
- Histology station: trachea and lung
Prediction scenarios
- Level 2 hyperventilation
- Level 2 pneumothorax
- Level 4 high altitude, first hours and after acclimatization
- Level 2 an asthma attack
- Level 3 carbon monoxide poisoning
- Level 3 exercise
- Level 2 emphysema
Pathways
- Air to the alveoli and back
- Inspiration: nerve signal to airflow
- Oxygen from air to a tissue cell
- Carbon dioxide from a tissue cell to air
Feedback loops
- Blood carbon dioxide and pH (chemoreceptor loop)
- Low blood oxygen (peripheral chemoreceptor loop)
Graphs
- Oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve with shift factors
- Lung volumes and capacities (spirogram)
- Pressures during one breath
- PO2 and PCO2 along the path
Calculators
- Minute and alveolar ventilation
Comparison tables
- Conducting vs respiratory zone
- Type I vs type II alveolar cells
- Obstructive vs restrictive disease
- External vs internal respiration
- Central vs peripheral chemoreceptors
- Emphysema vs chronic bronchitis vs asthma