The cardiovascular system

In this chapter's tools

Lab practical image sets

• Heart external anterior and posterior
• Heart internal frontal section
• Heart valves from above
• Coronary vessels
• Conduction system
• Histology station: artery vs vein
• Major arteries
• Major veins
• Pulse points

Prediction scenarios

• Level 2 a beta blocker, predict heart rate, contractility, cardiac output
• Level 2 increased venous return, predict EDV, SV, CO
• Level 2 standing up quickly
• Level 4 hemorrhage, immediate and after compensation
• Level 3 exercise
• Level 2 aortic valve stenosis
• Level 2 arteriole vasodilation
• Level 2 plasma protein falls (edema)
• Level 3 dehydration
• Level 3 heart failure

Pathways

• Blood through the heart and body
• The cardiac conduction system
• Phases of the cardiac cycle
• Baroreceptor reflex steps

Feedback loops

• Baroreceptor reflex: pressure falls and pressure rises
• Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone and blood pressure

Graphs

• Ventricular muscle action potential
• Pacemaker potential
• ECG waves and intervals
• The cardiac cycle (Wiggers diagram)
• Pressure–volume loop
• Frank–Starling curve
• Pressure along the vascular tree
• Velocity vs cross-sectional area
• Capillary pressures along a capillary

Calculators

• Cardiac output (HR × SV)
• Stroke volume and ejection fraction
• Mean arterial pressure
• Flow and resistance in vessels
• Net filtration pressure in a capillary

Comparison tables

• Arteries vs capillaries vs veins
• AV valves vs semilunar valves
• Pulmonary vs systemic circuit
• Contractile cell vs pacemaker cell action potential
• Skeletal vs cardiac muscle action potential
• Short-term vs long-term blood pressure control
• Types of shock
• Left-sided vs right-sided heart failure